In software programs, most of the time, there is a chance for occurrence of faults in general, and exception faults in particular. Localizing those pieces of code that are responsible for a particular fault is one of the most complicated tasks, and it can produce incorrect results if done manually. Semi-automated and fully-automated techniques have been introduced to overcome this issue. However, despite recent advances in fault localization techniques, they are not necessarily applicable to Android applications because of their special characteristics such as context-awareness, use of sensors, being executable on various mobile devices, limited hardware resources, etc. To this aim, in this paper, a semi-automated hybrid method is introduced that combines static and dynamic analyses to localize exception faults in Android applications. Our evaluations of nine open source Android applications of di erent sizes with various exceptions show that the technique proposed in this paper can correctly identify root causes of the occurred exceptions. These results indicate that our proposed approach is e ective in practice in localizing exception faults in Android applications.

People are entitled to their images in a sense that they can decide on whether or not they want to be pictured by others, as well as the publication of the taken pictures from them. Therefore, for the purpose of imaging or publishing a photo, the person's consent must be obtained. However, this right is not absolute. People have the right to become aware of events around them. So, if with an intention of publishing information, an image was taken from other people and it published, then there will be no need to obtain the consent of those persons. For this reason, various legal systems permit the imaging of celebrities or public places. In general, where there is intention as to inform other people, it is permitted to take photo witout attaining their consents. However, in such cases, individuals' privacy and dignity must be respected. Also, no one can use another one‟ s image for commercial purposes. In the legal system of iIan, it seems that due to the freedom of the press (principle 24 of the constitution), the importance of public interests and the preference for private interests, the same belief is acceptable.

One of the facilities that legislator is considered for the condemned party until insolvent debtor not stand to hardship & difficulty and also deprive of a least life is "debt exceptions". Namely, some of those properties which are essential for the survival be far from judgment creditor. This legal institution before that entered in law texts has been expressed in Islamic jurisprudence by great jurists. In this article, we survey the judicial bases of debt exceptions and explain our own comment finally.

Most jurists-in the field of ijtihad and taqlid-have considered the permission of precaution in pure Tawasoliat (the deals in which it does not include the intention of proximity to God) as an obvious matter and have ignored it and paid less attention to its aspects. However, when one pays attention to the scope of the Tawasoliat rulings, there are rulings in which the decree of the precautionary measure is not clear and is accompanied by an obstacle. These obstacles exclude these rulings from the scope of the precautionary measure in Tawasoliat. The major question of the study is to discover these exceptions of precaution in the tawasoli rulings. This paper, with the aim of explaining in detail the general ruling of the precautionary permission in tawasoliat, examines the most important exceptions of this ruling in jurisprudence by analyzing the qualitative historical content. The most important rulings that are excluded from the precautionary permission are in the two categories of intrinsic exceptions and incidental exceptions. The first category is the rulings that are not inherently cautious; such as the scientific, belief and cautious rulings in conflict. The second category includes some topics that are subject to caution and cannot be considered as permissible, such as harm, hardship, difficulty, and denial of religion, which in some cases in other certain circumstances there is no possibility of precaution.

Scientific personality of Ibn al-Walid and his effect on succeeding scholars indicate of his prominent status and imply researchers' need to overview and investigate his points of view. The present article is an introduction of Muhammad Ibn al - Hasan Ibn al-Walid and his works and a report of his perspectives in different issues. Employing a library method and descriptive-analytic approach, the current study attempts to cultivate his outstanding and notable view about the problem of exception specifically in Nawadir al-Hikmah written by Muhammad Ibn al-Ahmad Ibn al-Yahya. The results show that exception of Ibn al-Walid is aimed at warning scholars to be more cautious and careful when studying narratives.

The prohibition of usury is one of the necessaries in Islam based on the koran and narrative references. When the person borrows a money, he have to return it, but if it is returned by addition, so it will be called usury. however there are some expectations about this addition in our jurisprudence are: between father and his children, between wife and her husband, between slave and the master, between infidels and muslims which is not usury. According to the Koran the usury is oppression and will not accept any expectation, because the religious has implied that clearly and its natural indecent is proved. by scrutinizing in religious texts we find that presumed objects in spite of its looking, would not be counted as usury based on its speciality not privacy. Thus it must be said that propounded objects as expectations, will have the same indecent intellectual appearance and invalidity defect by keeping the same nature. So the expectations could not be accepted. In this paper we are going to prove the theory of speciality in expectations of usury by using discriptive-analytic method and studying the documents about expectations.

A human element outside the litigants who has information on the subject matter of the dispute is called a third party. In general, the statements by any person other than the plaintiffs or the judge hearing the case are called the "statements of third parties. " Logically, this evidence in terms of nature and method can be the third party's information or comment on the fact or on the law, which is presented orally or in writing, whether on paper or digitally, in person at the court or outside the court. Manifestations of these statements are enumerated according to the historical and cultural roots in the positive law, which are referred to in this article as the statements of certain third parties. However, many of the examples that can be assumed are not covered in this article, and they are referred to here as indefinite third party statements. The relationship between these statements and the subject and the sentence can be examined and evaluated from two aspects. First, the logical relationship is the one that has traditionally been examined in the evidence of litigation. The purpose of this relationship actually refers to the manifestation and logical and rational reality of the evidence for the statements of third parties. Evidence is the product of the study of experimental sciences, including cognitive sciences, psychology, and so on. Second, the relationship between evidence and meaning, which is the new division proposed in this article. The purpose of this relationship, regardless of the logical aspects, is to look at the moral, cultural, social, and economicconsiderations for the legislature and the legal system. In this way, according to the mentioned purposes, the legislator sometimes does not onsider the logical relation between these statements and meanings and prevents the exercise of the probative power of the evidence. This article is methodologically fundamental because it seeks to provide a legal theory that can be offered on the probative value of third party statements as an important part of the evidence, taking into account the rationale and contractual links between these statements and the fact or law. Of course, the result of the present study can have a practical aspect. However, due to its direct relationship with theoretical issues and the fact that it is initially used in theoretical and scientific references and may even lead to the amendment of laws, Its relationship to the practical law is typically indirect. Hence, it is considered non-practical and theoretical in conventional classification. Also, the present article is an introduction to different types of third party statements and the current situation of their positive valuation in the Iranian legal system and a case study with the two main categories of legal systems, namely positive law and common law. How to deal with the legal systems under study with this type of evidence and provide as much analysis as possible of the causes and aspects of this type of view and its principles are also the purpose of this article. Therefore, in terms of data collection, the research method is to refer to sources to compile a so-called library study. The article first deals with the lack of uniform and logical aspects in the analysis of the probative value of various third-party statements, and secondly examines the irrelevant issue for the formal aspects of the probative value of third-party statements and its mechanical view, and thirdly examines the difference between reason and meaning in the Iranian legal system. It is obvious that any reform in legal approaches and judicial procedures in the Iranian legal system, which stems from its cultural and social roots, including Imami law, is not possible without considering its principles and finding relevant literature and correct justification of its statements. The present article is written with the approach of analyzing justified solutions in order to theorize the free system of evidence and critique the mechanical view of the probative value of evidence and accuracy in the nature of the principles of probative value and presenting a new classification of probative value and the statements of third parties should be examined on the basis of the principles of Imami law and the existing legal system in Iranian Procedural law. The questions examined in this article are as follows: 1-What rules can govern these statements in terms of probative value? 2-Are there any common rules that can be referred to as general rules? 3-Can the relationship between the reason for the statements of third parties and their meaning be examined from a contractual point of view? 4. How many types of statements of third parties are there in procedural law? 5-Is the evidence for the statements exclusively enumerated? 6. What is the relationship between the probative value of third party statements and the presumption and the knowledge of judge? 7-What do the traditional conditions related to the logical acceptance of third party statements have to do with the probative value of these statements? The hypotheses of this article are: 1-The types of statements of third parties are not exclusive. 2-The probative value of third party statements can be examined from both logical and contractual aspects. 3-The basic principle is to accept the logical probative value of all types of third party statements. 4-The probative value of all kinds of third party statements in Iranian law can be analyzed absolutely in the form of a judicial presumption. 5. The division of the probative value of the evidence and statements of third parties into logical and contractual makes it possible to make policies for the evidence and thus limit or prohibit the probative value of the statements of third parties regardless of their logical relationship with the meaning in terms of contractual aspect. In this article we achieved these goals: Providing the classification of probative value into rational and contractual, announcing the basic principle of rational acceptance of the probative value of third party statements, the ability to analyze all types of third party statements under the presumption and judge’s knowledge. Discussion of presumption as the basis and nature of probative value of different types of evidence by considering the relationship between judge's knowledge in probative value of evidences and rejecting the definition of judge's knowledge to personal science and criticizing the mechanical view on the probative value of third party statements has been our goal in this article. The definition of evidence and the presentation of the division of positive value into logical and contractual evidence are new approaches in the present article.

Detention of a convicted person in a civil case is considered an exceptional subject. In the Iranian legal system, it is applied as a last resort for a situation where the convict is not willing to execute the convictions in any way and no property is found from him. The jurists - and following them the Iranian legal system - have always been cautious in this regard and the legislator is under different assumptions such as filing a petition for insolvency or finding property of the convict, and denies his/her detention. In this paper, we examine the conditions and challenges to the detention of a convicted person in civil matters and we will discuss the legal and practical problems of the issue. Rare cases in which the possibility of detaining a convicted person is not explicitly stated by law, including arbitral awards, foreign awards, restoration of executive operations and the impossibility of enforcing an objective award, are examined in this article, relying on judicial procedure and practical problems.

The states whose national security is threatened sometimes violate international law by seeking to maintain their national security. Thus, the treaty system took national security into account. Examining the provisions of the treaty system on the invocation of national security, the rule of recourse to national security was not inferred, but by analyzing the exceptions of national security in the treaty system, the two concepts of national security protection and national defense security were invoked. "Protective national security exception" is a set of rules that have been formulated to protect individuals against governments' self-centeredness in the field of human rights, and "national security defensive exception" is the authorization that international law allows countries to resort to national security. It gives self-defense against acute threats. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether countries can ignore international law in a limited and temporary manner citing their national security. It can be confirmed that Governments can violate international law in a controlled manner without being held accountable for their self-preservation, and this violation may occur against any international entity. The sum of these two mechanisms expresses the concept of the exceptionalism system of national security. Implicit and explicit exceptions to states' recourse to national security (exceptionalism) can be summed up under the legal regime of national security.